Poverty
Removal Schemes:
(1)
MNREGA
Livelihood
missions: (2) Rural (Ajiveeka) (3) Urban
Scheme#1:
MNREGA Act 2005
·
under
Rural Development ministry
·
Promises
minimum 100 days of unskilled manual work
·
To
each rural household. (not to each person)
·
In
a financial year (1st April to 31st March)
·
1/3rd
women participation
·
Unemployment
allowance, if you can’t get work within 15 days
·
State
governments have to appoint district level ombudsman to hear complaints
·
Wages:
Material ratio = 60:40
MNREGA Wages are linked
with CPI inflation for Agricultural laborers
|
|
Year
|
MNREGA
Wages
|
2006
|
65
|
2013
|
132
|
MNREGA
Performance:
For
the year 2013, average work days is 46 and the women participation is 52.9%
Best
|
Worst
|
|
Workdays
|
1.
Tamil Nadu
|
|
2.
Kerala
|
||
Women
participation
|
1.
Kerala
|
Uttar
Pradesh
|
2.
Andhra Pradesh
|
MNREGA
Reforms:
Ø
Individual
bank/PO accounts for All women
Ø
Widowed,
deserted, and destitute women identified and covered under MNREGA scheme.
Ø
Designed
“schedule of rates (SoR)” for physically handicapped laborers, so they get fair
wages despite providing less output.
Ø
Provided
convergence with other schemes such as Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, Panchayat Yuva
khel Kendra, ICDS Anganwadi centres etc.
MNREGA:
Economic Survey Observations
§
MNREGA
was supposed to a “panchayat-centric and demand driven” program. But ground
reality is different.
§
Gram
Sabha is unaware of its powers. Social audits not done regularly.
§
Hardly
any Gram Sabha using MNREGA for public works such as Playground, Anganwadi etc.
§
Shortage
of Technical staff => Delay in work measurement => delay in payment.
§
At
many places, males find higher wage-work in nearby towns. Therefore only a few
women come at MNREGA site. Big projects cannot be taken up due to worker
shortage.
§
Suggested
reform: Use MNREGA for tourism related infrastructure.
§
Budget
2014: promised to use MNREGA for creating Agriculture related “more productive”
assets.
NRLM
/ Aajeevika:
·
By
Rural Development Ministry
·
1999:
Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY). Later renamed to National Rural
Livelihood Mission (NRLM). Finally renamed to Aajeevika.
·
Wants
to lift rural families from abject poverty
·
By
2024, get one person (preferably woman) from each household, into an income
generating Self-help groups (SHG).
·
By
Giving (Bank loans + subsidy + training) to those SHG.
·
Economic
Survey observation:
·
Scheme
worked fine for agarbatti, pottery, tailoring and other small business
activities.
·
But
at some places, Government made too much infrastructure investment compared to
scope of the given business activity.
Aajiveeka – Budget 2014:
Under Aajiveeka, Women-SHG in backward districts get
loans at cheaper interest rate.
Budget 2014 increased the number of backward
districts under this scheme.
Loan Interest Rate
|
Before 2014
|
After
|
4%
|
In 150 most backward district
|
+ 100 more added = 250
|
7%
|
Remaining districts
|
Interest Rate unchanged (7%)
|
Additionally, Budget 2014
also announced “Start Up Village Entrepreneurship Programme” for rural youth. But
exact details yet to be worked out.
NULM
·
By
the Ministry of Housing & Urban poverty alleviation
·
Earlier
called Swarnajayanti Sahari Swarojgar Yojana. Then renamed into National urban
livelihoods mission, with following features
·
self-help
groups: bank credit + subsidies + skill training
·
street
vendors also get easy loans and skill training
·
Shelters
for the homeless.
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